5th generation mobile network (5G) Research

The first widely cited proposals for the use of millimeter wave spectrum for cellular/mobile communications appeared in the IEEE Communications Magazine in June 2011[41] and in the August 2011 issue of the Proceedings of the IEEE.[42] The first reports of radio channel measurements that validated the ability to use millimeter wave frequencies for urban mobile communication were published in April and May 2013 in the IEEE Access Journal and IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, respectively.[43][44]

The IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications published a special issue on 5G in June 2014, including, a comprehensive survey of 5G enabling technologies and solutions.[45] IEEE Spectrum has a story about millimeter-wave wireless communications as a viable means to support 5G in its September 2014 issue.[46]

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•     Radio propagation measurements and channel models for millimeter-wave wireless communication in both outdoor and indoor scenarios in the 28, 38, 60 and 72–73 GHz bands were published in 2014.[47][48]
•     First book on 5G mobile networks is published as "Software Defined Mobile Networks (SDMN): Beyond LTE Network Architecture" by the researchers in Oulu, Finland.[49]
•     Massive MIMO: This is a transmission point equipped with a very large number of antennas that simultaneously serve multiple users. With massive MIMO multiple messages for several terminals can be transmitted on the same time-frequency resource, maximizing beamforming gain while minimizing interference.[50][51][52][53][54][55][excessive citations]
•     Three Dimensional Beamforming (3DBF): utilizing hundreds of antennas at base station which performs in millimeter wave spectrum results in a highly directional antenna beam that can be steered to a desired direction which optimizes some performance metric of the network.[56]
•     Proactive content caching at the edge: While network densification (i.e., adding more cells) is one way to achieve higher capacity and coverage, it becomes evident that the cost of this operation might not be sustainable as the dense deployment of base stations also requires high-speed expensive backhauls. In this regard, assuming that the backhaul is capacity-limited, caching users' contents at the edge of the network (namely at the base stations and user terminals) holds as a solution to offload the backhaul and reduce the access delays to the contents.[57][58] In any case, caching contents at the edge aim to solve the problem of reducing the end-to-end delay, which is one of the requirements of 5G. The upcoming special issue of IEEE Communications Magazine aims to argue massive content delivery techniques in cache-enabled 5G wireless networks.[59][60]
•     Advanced interference and mobility management, achieved with the cooperation of different transmission points with overlapped coverage, and encompassing the option of a flexible use of resources for uplink and downlink transmission in each cell, the option of direct device-to-device[60] transmission and advanced interference cancellation techniques.[61][62][63]
•     Efficient support of machine-type devices to enable the Internet of Things with potentially higher numbers of connected devices, as well as novel applications, such as mission-critical control or traffic safety, requiring reduced latency and enhanced reliability.[5]
•     Use of millimeter-wave frequencies (e.g. up to 90 GHz) for wireless backhaul and/or access (IEEE rather than ITU generations).[5]
•     Pervasive networks providing Internet of things, wireless sensor networks and ubiquitous computing: The user can be connected simultaneously to several wireless access technologies and can move seamlessly between them (See Media independent handover or vertical handover, IEEE 802.21, also expected to be provided by future 4G releases. See also multihoming.). These access technologies can be 2.5G, 3G, 4G, or 5G mobile networks, Wi-Fi, WPAN, or any other future access technology. In 5G, the concept may be further developed into multiple concurrent data-transfer paths.[64]
•     Multiple-hop networks: A major issue in systems beyond 4G is to make the high bit rates available in a larger portion of the cell, especially to users in an exposed position in between several base stations. In current research, this issue is addressed by cellular repeaters and macro-diversity techniques, also known as group cooperative relay, where users also could be potential cooperative nodes, thanks to the use of direct device-to-device (D2D) communication.[60]
•     Wireless network virtualization: Virtualization will be extended to 5G mobile wireless networks. With wireless network virtualization, network infrastructure can be decoupled from the services that it provides, where differentiated services can coexist on the same infrastructure, maximizing its utilization. Consequently, multiple wireless virtual networks operated by different service providers (SPs) can dynamically share the physical substrate wireless networks operated by mobile network operators (MNOs). Since wireless network virtualization enables the sharing of infrastructure and radio spectrum resources, the capital expenses (CapEx) and operation expenses (OpEx) of wireless (radio) access networks (RANs), as well as core networks (CNs), can be reduced significantly. Moreover, mobile virtual network operators (MVNOs) who may provide some specific telecom services (e.g., VoIP, video call, over-the-top services) can help MNOs attract more users, while MNOs can produce more revenue by leasing the isolated virtualized networks to them and evaluating some new services.[65]
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•     Cognitive radio technology, also known as smart radio. This allows different radio technologies to share the same spectrum efficiently by adaptively finding unused spectrum and adapting the transmission scheme to the requirements of the technologies currently sharing the spectrum. This dynamic radio resource management is achieved in a distributed fashion and relies on software-defined radio.[66][67] See also the IEEE 802.22 standard for Wireless Regional Area Networks.
•     Vandermonde-subspace frequency division multiplexing (VFDM): a modulation scheme to allow the co-existence of macro cells and cognitive radio small cells in a two-tiered LTE/4G network.[68]
•     IPv6, where a visiting mobile IP care-of address is assigned according to location and connected network.[64]
•     One unified global standard.
•     Real wireless world with no more limitation with access and zone issues.[64]
•     User centric (or cell phone developer initiated) network concept instead of operator-initiated (as in 1G) or system developer initiated (as in 2G, 3G and 4G) standards[69]
•     Li-Fi (a portmanteau of light and Wi-Fi) is a massive MIMO visible light communication network to advance 5G. Li-Fi uses light-emitting diodes to transmit data, rather than radio waves like Wi-Fi.[70]
•     Worldwide wireless web (WWWW), i.e. comprehensive wireless-based web applications that include full multimedia capability beyond 4G speeds.
•     A highly reconfigurable system architecture for 5G cellular user equipment, namely distributed phased arrays based MIMO (DPA-MIMO) was published in July 2017 in the IEEE Access Journal.[71]